Resource Page on Early HCI Research by the Lincoln Lab TX-2 Group

Bill Buxton
http://www.billbuxton.com
Created:  April 13, 2005
Updated: February 26, 2006


Introduction

One of the most influential groups in shaping interactive computing as we know it was based at MIT's Lincoln Lab between about 1953 and 1969. The focal point of the group was the TX-2 computer (and its predecessor, the TX-0), designed by Wesley Clark.

As a direct beneficiary of this work (Ron Baecker who did his PhD there was one of my main mentors during my graduate student days), I have always held it in high esteem. I have also always felt that it has not gotten the attention that it deserved. This came to a head when I had the privilege to meet and work with Bert Sutherland in 2001. I knew of Bert, but had never seen the film of the graphical programming system that he had done for his 1966 PhD thesis. Exposure to it spurred me into action, with the result that at the 2005 SIGCHI conference, I organized a panel which highlighted the work of the group, and its relevance to computing and research today. 

My purpose with this web page is to provide a portal to the archival relating to the work of this group, including videos of their work, links to articles and theses documenting their work, and a video of the SIGCHI panel itself. In addition, it is my intention to record interviews with some of the key players in the lab who were unable to attend the panel. 

That is, of course, a big promise. Especially if one wants to "do it right", and properly index the material, etc. The good news is that several people have volunteered to help, including the Knowledge Media Design Institute of the University of Toronto.  All of this takes time, so this page is a work-in-progress.  So return from time to time in order to check what is new.

 
In the meantime, please cut me some slack about bad web design, etc. Of course, in the spirit of open source, if you want to redesign it and send me another version, that would be more than welcome. For the time being, I hope that what I have gotten up is of interest and value. And, of course, I welcome feedback, suggestions, etc., and will do my best to respond promptly. 

Enjoy.

Looking down the memory bank to the 
console of the TX-2 Computer
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click on image for larger view)

 

Bert Sutherland at the console of the TX-2
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click on image for larger view)


Overview

2005 SIGCHI Panel
A video of the actual panel, including copies of the the film clips used as examples is now on line:

I also prepared an comprehensive write-up on the panel which appeared in the conference proceedings   

It provides an overview of the work of the group, as well as the panel itself. I hope that the bibliography/references section of the write-up is of particular help.  Much of the published work is hard to find, and a lot of the references that I found in doing my research (especially those on the Internet) were wrong or had mistakes in them. I checked all of them, which will hope will save you some time.

1989 SIGGRAPH Panel:
Note also that there was a related panel at SIGGRAPH in 1989.  It was a retrospective of early work in computer graphics, including Lincoln Lab.  It is documented in the following two articles.  What is nice about this material is that it covers some work that  precedes that covered in the panel that I organized, and is therefore complimentary to it. 

2005 SIGCHI Panel, April 6, 2005, Portland Oregon.
Seated, (L-R): Fontaine Richardson, Bert Sutherland, Wesley Clark, Ivan Sutherland. Standing: Ron Baecker, Bill Buxton, Austin Henderson. (Photo: Ilona Posner) 
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click on image for larger view)


On-Line Theses, Articles & Reports

Many of the PhD theses and papers are on-line. I will add references with links, and welcome any additional suggestions. However, lest the unsuspecting student believe that everything that is relevant is available on-line, be warned:  it is not.  Get thee to a library and spend a few days with the old AFIPS Spring and Fall Joint Computer Conference Proceedings and be humbled!

Videos

To come as soon as I the logistics are sorted out.   Eventually, it is planned that the material will be indexed, downloadable in high or low resolution, in whole or in clips. However, this will come on-line iteratively. It will start simple, just in order to make it available, and then we will refine its presentation. The driving rule is quick and dirty trumps perfect but really late.
What is yet to come includes::
  1. Research videos of work done by the TX-2 Group, including (but not restricted to)
  2. Interviews with members of the TX-2 Group, besides those on panel, including:
Suggestions for and contributions to this archive are welcomed.

Web Pages of/on Key Protagonists

Ron Baecker:
Larry Roberts;
Ivan Sutherland
 

Links on Lincoln Lab and the TX-0 and TX-2 Computers

A brief history of Lincoln Laboratory, in general, is available on-line.  It does not have much about the TX-2 group, but does provide some overall context that is not in either panel summary:
http://www.ll.mit.edu/about/history.html

Also, there are some links to some excellent information on both the TX0 and TX2 computers (thanks to Al Kossow for pointing them out to me).

This link provides access to technical and other information on the TX-0, including the instruction set, flexowriter codes, pictures, memos and listings:

http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/mit/tx-0

Tix0.org is a web site devoted to all things TX-0.  The following example page gives an overview of the people that worked on the machine and some of the remarkable things that they did with it:

http://tixo.org/index.php/People

This link provides access to manuals, handbooks, programming examples and circuitry of the TX-2:

http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/mit/tx-2/